Macbeth- the Weyward Sisters

English| Macbeth- The Weyward Sisters | Discuss the nature of the three witches who foretell Macbeth’s future. The Three Witches in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth (1603-1607) add an element of supernatural and prophecy to the play. These three witches represent the personification of evil, conflict and chaos in an already hectic story. The predominant witch, Hecate- the Greek goddess of the moon and later witchcraft- and her two following witches- Graymalkin and Paddock- predict General Macbeth’s rise to the throne.The witches are described as having beards but appearing human. Also known as the ‘weyward sisters’- as quoted in Macbeth- these old, decrepit prophetesses recite â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair; Hover through the fog and filthy air†( 1;1;12-13). This line sets up the play with suspicion and confusion as the line suggests that tables will turn. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble† (4;1;10-11) the three witches chant - making it clear that these witches seek trouble, what is unclear is whether they are changing and controlling fate or if they are merely ensuring its success.What do these prophecies represent, what clues does Shakespeare provide and what conclusion (if any) does he allow his audience to come to? â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor; All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be King hereafter! † (1;3;11-12) â€Å"The power of man; For none of woman born; Shall harm Macbeth† (4;1;88-89) The witches’ prophecies imply Macbeth will reign and that no man of natural birth will cause his downfall. The prophecies foreshadow the development of the plot, they hint to the audience the likely direction of the story and they give legitimacy to the final outcome of the plot.They give righteousness to the outcome; because its destiny. Shakespeare hints throughout the play of the expected downfall of the murderous King Macbeth. The second prophecy â€Å"For none of wom an born; Shall harm Macbeth† hints that an unnatural birthed man can kill or overthrow Macbeth. Macbeth is later be-headed in a duel against Macduff- retribution for the killing of his family including King Duncan. The audience come to a conclusion that good is returned- that fair is no longer foul. The wayward sisters and the death of Macbeth illustrates the need to follow good rather than choose the path to evil.The audience has seen the effects of Macbeth’s tortured soul- the death of his beloved wife and even his own- emphasizing the need to rid a guilty conscience. Was the ambiguity of the witches’ prophecies necessary to the development of the play’s plot and key themes? Hecate, Graymalkin and Paddock foretell the uprising of Macbeth and inform him of his future and what he must do in order to pursue his destiny as king. The Three Witches never tell Macbeth to kill King Duncan, they merely imply that Kind Duncan must die for Macbeth to become king.Th e witches set a path for him that only he may choose to follow should he wish. Through temptation of sure success he kills King Duncan and follows the path to destruction. Macbeth is not psychologically capable of living with the guilt of murder, however the Three Witches prophecies have given Macbeth the assurance that he will succeed- blanketing his guilt and giving him the confidence he needs to commit the crime. Had the witches kept their prophecies to themselves, Macbeth would not have enough confidence, or encouragement from Lady Macbeth, to kill King Duncan.However there would be a lack of supernatural and excitement in the play. Macbeth is unique because of its treacherous witches, unreal fascinations of King Duncan’s and Banquo’s ghosts and Lady Macbeth’s ‘blood’ on her hand- individualising this play to numerous regicide stories. Word Count- 711 Bibliography Stewart, M. Ancestry. com –The Three Witches. Published 1998 by Zimmerman. Accessed 14/11/11 At: http://homepages. rootsweb. ancestry. com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/witches. htm PotW Org. Poem of the Week- Macbeth. Unknown publisher or author. Accessed 17/11/11 At: http://www. potw. org/archive/potw283. html

Quitting is not an option Essay

Quitting Is Not An Option As a little girl I always dreamt of becoming my own boss at a young age. The thought of following other people rules bothered me; I did know that in order to get where I wanted to be in life I had to start somewhere. So I told myself that after high school I had to go to college, and work and save. I decide to pursue my degree’s in Business Management and Accounting, because, I enjoy using money, working with others, helping people solve their money issues and helping them getting back on the right the track, as well as making people happy. I see it as if I have the knowledge and the education of what I’m doing, I don’t have to worry about anyone using me or stealing from me; I’ll be able to take care of my own finances. Having a B.A. in Business Management will impact my life in a positive way, by giving me a hands up in my dreams of becoming my own boss at an young age, as well as living my life comfortably. Due to my dreams in life, and where I want to be I chose not to give up even when things are stressful at times. Giving up on my educational goals is not an option because, I know that if I don’t have a degree, my life will not go anywhere, and I will just work at dead-end jobs. Not only do I want to want to go college and get a B.A. but I want to get excellent grades, and become an honor student. I’m committed to sticking with my degree and working with Monroe College to help me succeed and graduate. Having a lot of money, and time invested in my success, I can’t allow quitting to be an option. Looking forward to having a great experience and continue to grow in my career while attending Monroe College. Having great support from my professors, when struggling with an assignment, I feel I should be able to email or talk on the phone with them without feeling embarrassed. If i found out that my future self was trying to quit due to an stressful situation, I will let her know that life gets hard but giving up makes it even harder, and if you give up you will be stuck living life struggling, and living pay check to pay check with no relief to the stress. Living and learning is part of life, but quitting won’t allow you to learn or live the  life that you want for yourself and your future family.

Introduction to the Concept of Holistic Marketing Essay

The shortest definition of Marketing Management is â€Å"Meeting Needs Profitably†. Whose Needs ? – The needs of the people, or the customers or consumers, Who is trying to meet ? – The Producer, Marketer or the Company, What is the Objective ? – With profit to the company, & satisfaction to the customers. What Is Marketed Marketing people are involved in marketing the following 10 types of entities – Goods – Physical products, consumer products, consumer durables Services – Transport, repair & maintenance, legal, financial, consultancy, hotel, specialised skills Events – Trade shows, sports, world cups, vintage car rally, fashion shows, artistic performance Experiences – Theatres, opera, Disney-world, trekking, ocean cruise, cinema, music concerts Persons – Celebrity marketing, film stars, politicians, artists, performers, advertisers Places – Cities, states, countries for tourism, leisure & place for industrialisation & business Properties – Ownership of tangible properties like real estate, house, apartment, farm house, precious metals and intangible properties like financial portfolio of various securities Organisations – Building up identity, image, reputation, and value in the minds of consumers Information – It can be produced , packaged & marketed as a product – text books, encyclopaedias, magazines & journals on literature, science, technology, medicine info, available thru internet Ideas – The concept regarding a utility, business opportunity, advertising / marketing ideas, scientific & technical, social, financial, psychological etc. Marketing Concepts The Marketing concepts under which organisations have conducted marketing activities include : Exchange Concept – Exchange of goods and services between two agencies called buyer and seller, or exchange of goods and services for money or barter system. Production Concept – Widely available and inexpensive, high production efficiency Product Concept – Quality, performance, utility, innovative features etc. Selling Concept – Aggressive selling and promotion effort. â€Å"The purpose of marketing is to sell more stuff to more people more often for more money in order to make more profit†. Marketing Concept – â€Å"Products/Production† oriented concept ( make & sell ) has changed to â€Å"Consumer† oriented concept ( sense & respond ). Instead of â€Å"hunting† marketing is gardening†. The job is not to find the right customer for the products, but the right products for the customers. The perceptive contrast between the selling and marketing concepts – selling focuses on the needs of the seller, marketing on the needs of the buyer. Holistic Marketing Concept – Marketers in the current age are increasingly recognising the need to have a more complete & cohesive approach that goes beyond traditional application of marketing concepts. This concept is based on the development, design and implementation of marketing programs, processes and activities that recognise their breadth and inter-dependencies. Holistic Marketing recognises that â€Å"everything matters† with marketing – and that a broad integrated perspective is often necessary. The important components are : Integrated Marketing, Internal Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Social Responsibility Marketing. We shall discus each one of these in the following. Trends In Marketing Practices The marketplace is not the same as it used to be. It is rapidly changing as a result of major, sometimes interlinking societal forces that have created new behaviours, new opportunities & new challenges, such as : Globalisation, Deregulation, Privatisation, Technological Advances, The Internet Revolution, Customer Empowerment, Customisation, Market Fragmentation, Hightened Competition, Retail Transformation, etc. In response to this rapidly changing environments companies have restructured their business & marketing practices in some of the following ways : Reengineering : Appointing teams to manage customer-value-building processes & break down walls between departments. Outsourcing : Greater willingness to buy more goods & services from outside domestic or foreign vendors. Benchmarking : Studying â€Å"best practice companies† to improve performance. Supplier Partnering : Increased partnering with fewer but better value-adding suppliers. Customer Partnering : Working more closely with customers to add value to their operation. Merging : Acquiring or merging with firms in the same or complementary industries to gain economy of scale & scope. Globalising : Increased effort to â€Å"Think Global & Act Local†. Flattening : Reducing the number of organisational levels to get closer to the customers. Focusing : Determining the most profitable business & customers & focusing on them. Accelerating :Designing the organisation & setting up processes to respond more quickly to changes in the environment. Empowering : Encouraging & empowering personnel to produce more ideas & take more initiative. Accordingly the role of marketing organisation is also changing. Traditionally, the marketers have played the role of middlemen between the customers & the various functional areas of the organisation. In a networked enterprise, every functional area can interact directly with customers. Thus marketing needs to integrate all the customer-facing processes so that customers a single face (Integrated Marketing) & hear a single voice (Integrated Marketing Communications) when they interact with the company. Integrated Marketing One of the major tasks of marketers is to â€Å"integrate† all the marketing activities & programmes like â€Å"creating†, â€Å"communicating† & â€Å"delivering† value to the customers. The Famous Marketing Mix – the Four Ps, as devised by McCarthy constitute the traditional marketing activities in four broad groups as given below in details : Products – Design, Features, Brand Name, Models, Style, Appearance, Quality, Warranty, Package (design, type, material, size, appearance & labelling), Service ( pre-sale, after sale, service standards, service charges), Returns. Price – Pricing Policies, List Price, Margins, Discounts, Rebates, Terms of Delivery, Payment Terms, Credit Terms, Instalment Purchase Facility, Resale Price, Maintenance prices. Place – Channels of Distribution ( channel design, types of intermediaries, location of outlets, channel remuneration, dealer-principle relation, etc.), Physical Distribution (transportation, warehousing, inventory levels, order processing, etc.) Promotion – Personal Selling, Selling Expertise, Size of Sales Force, Quality of Sales Force, and Marketing Communications – Advertising (media-mix, media vehicles, and programmes), sales promotions, publicity & public relations, direct & interactive marketing). Now, these traditional concepts of Four Ps represent the sellers’ view of the marketing tools available to influence buyers. In holistic marketing one has to see also the buyers’ point of view, where each of these tools will deliver the customers’ benefit or value. Robert Lauterborn suggested the buyers’ Four Cs as follows : Product = Customer Solution, Price = Customer Cost, Place = Convenience, Promotion = Communication Thus the successful companies are those who can meet (1) customer needs (2) economically, (3) conveniently & (4) with effective communication. Two broad concepts of integrated marketing are as follows : Several different marketing activities are used to create, communicate & deliver customer value, All marketing activities coordinated to maximise their joint efforts. Or in other words, the design & implementation of one activity is done with all other activities in mind. The business of running a successful organisation is to integrate the system for management of demand, resources & network. Integrated marketing communication is a case in point. Internal Marketing Internal marketing ensures that everyone in the organisation adopts appropriate marketing principles and the top management should see it happen. This is the management task of hiring, training & motivating the employees to serve the customers well. Smart & successful companies understand that there is as much activity outside the company as inside. For it makes no sense to promise excellent services before the company’s service staff is ready to provide. Internal marketing must happen in two levels as follows : At the first level, all the marketing functions like, sales force, market research, customer service, product management, advertising, etc. must go together, i.e., all the personnel should work in tandem or unison for common goal. At the second level, â€Å"marketing† must be embraced by other departments for a common goal of the organisation. All the relevant functional departments like Finance, HR, Operations, Logistics, Systems, etc. must coordinate each other to have a marketing orientation. Only trying to meet individual department’s target & norms and not supporting the marketing objectives will take the company nowhere. One has to bear in mind that it’s marketing that earns revenue. Internal marketing requires that everyone in the organisation buy into the concepts & goals of marketing, and engage themselves in selecting, creating, communicating & delivering customer value. Only when all the employees realise that their jobs are to create, serve & satisfy the customers does the company become an effective marketer. Relationship Marketing The development of deep, enduring relationships with all the people or firms involved directly or indirectly in the firm’s marketing activities is appearing as a key goal; of marketing. This is the concept of Relationship marketing – it aims at building mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key parties like customers, financiers, suppliers, distributors & of course the stakeholders, in order to earn & retain their business. It also builds strong economic, technical & social binding amongst the parties. There are four key constituents of marketing are : Customers Employees Marketing Partners : Channels, Suppliers, Distributors, Dealers, Retailers, Agencies, etc. Financial Community : Shareholders, Stakeholders, Financiers, Investors, Analysts, etc. Another key constituent is the Society : well-wishers, scientists, professors, environmentalists. The ultimate goal of relationship marketing is the building of a unique company asset called a marketing network, which consists of the company & its supporting stakeholders as listed above with whom it has built manual profit relationships. Interestingly, today, the competition is not between companies as such, but between the carefully built marketing networks – whoever has a better network wins. So the principle is simple – build an effective network, & the profits will follow. But the practice is not so. The development & building of a strong relationship requires a deep understanding of the capabilities & resources of different groups as well as their needs, goals & desires. Relationship marketing involves the right kind of relationships with right constituent groups, like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) with customers, Partner Relationship Management (PRM) with other partners. Since these being separate subjects themselves, are beyond the scope of this article. Social Responsibility Marketing Holistic marketing incorporates social responsibility marketing. This involves broader concerns of the society at large, like social, legal, ethical & environmental in the context of marketing activities. Companies operate in a society, and so do their customers and hence they should never forget its contribution to the company. It requires that marketers carefully consider the role they are playing in terms of social welfare. Companies need to evaluate whether they are truly practicing ethical & socially responsible marketing. Several factors are driving the companies to practice higher level of corporate social responsibility, such as : Rising customer expectations, Changing employees expectations, Govt. Legislation & pressure, Investor interest in social criteria, Changing business procurement criteria. Business success and continually satisfying the customers & other stakeholders are closely linked to adoption & implementation of high standard of business & marketing conduct. The most admired companies in the world adhere to a code of serving people’s interests, not only there own. The following are the most important factors of socially responsible marketing : Legal Behaviour : Companies operate within the law of the land, and they must impart the employees with adequate knowledge of law & how to practice them. We have Govt. laws, Society laws, and the organisations must ensure the employees know & observe relevant law, and restrain themselves from practicing illegal, antisocial, corruptive, anticompetitive practices. Ethical Behaviour : Companies must evolve & adopt a properly written code of conduct based on the social & cultural ethics, decency, tradition & legal practices, and ensure that all concerned are responsible in observing these guidelines. Today customers are well aware of the social, cultural, ecological & environmental affairs in their day-to-day lives. Social Responsibility Behaviour : As said above, the customers also want to know what the firm’s contribution to the society is, or what the company’s social conscience is while dealing with customers & the stakeholders. Cause Related Marketing : Contribution to the society can be enormous, and hence companies choose a particular area of society for a particular cause. The examples are : Health awareness – Heart Diseases, AIDS, Cancer, Diabetic, Obesity, Old age, etc. Running children’s home, old age home, rehabilitation centre, women’s home, etc. Infrastructure – rural housing, hospitals, preserving archaeological places, maintaining roads & parks, homes for endangered species; Educational scholarship for the poor & needy, higher education facility, Institutes; Treatment for destitute, food for the starving; Information legal & technical help during the hour of need; Volunteerism & Philanthropy. The list can be endless. Reputed companies even have their own charitable trusts, and also have special cause related marketing plans. Cause-related marketing is the concept where the specific cause is directly or indirectly linked to the particular revenue transaction. The company has at least one non-economic social objective and uses the revenue generated from the designated sales. This concept is also known as Corporate Societal Marketing (CSM). The CSM can include other activities like traditional & strategic philanthropy & volunteerism. Social Marketing : Some marketing is conducted to directly address a social problem or cause. Social marketing is done mainly by NGOs, Non-Profit or Govt. organisations to further a cause, such as â€Å"No smoking†, â€Å"Say NO to Drugs†, etc. The Holistic Marketing Matrix Integrated Marketing – Products & Services, Communications, Channels Internal Marketing – Top Management, Marketing Department, Other Department Relatioship Marketing – Customers, Partners, Channels Social Responsibitity Marketing – Community, Legal, Ethics, Environment The Future of Marketing   The top management is slowly recognising that the marketing in the older method is getting wasteful and is demanding more accountability. There are a number of imperatives (must do) to achieve marketing excellence, as presented below : Marketers must – be â€Å"Holistic† and not in bits & parts, i.e., not sectional or departmental. achieve larger influence in the company if they are to be the main architect of business strategies. continuously create new ideas if the company is to prosper in a hyper-competitive economy. strive for customer insight & treat customers differently, but appropriately. build their brands thru performance, more than thru promotion. go electronic & win thru building superior information & communication systems. In these ways, modern marketing will continue to evolve & confront new challenges & opportunities. As a result, the coming years will see the demise of – – – & the rise of : The Demise of The Rise of The marketing department Holistic marketing Free-spending marketing ROI (return on investment) marketing Marketing intuition Marketing science Manual marketing Automated marketing Mass marketing Precision marketing To become truly holistic in marketing & achieve these changes, what the marketers need are a new set of skills, competencies in the following areas of expertise. Customer Relationship management Partner Relationship management Database Marketing & Data-mining Contact Centre Marketing & Telemarketing Public Relation Marketing including Event & Sponsorship Marketing Brand-building & Brand-asset Management Integrated Marketing Communications Profitability Analysis by Segment, Customer, Channel Experiential Marketing Conclusion The Nineteenth century American author Ralph Waldo Emerson had said, â€Å"This time like all times is a good one, if we but know what to do with it†. Thus, the exciting time for marketing has arrived now. And also, in the relentless pursuit of marketing superiority & dominance, new concepts, rules, tools & practices are ever emerging. There are a number of benefits of successful twenty-first-century marketing. All we need are hard work, insight, right application of mind & tools, inspiration, perseverance & of course a willingness to achieve greater heights.

Contingency Planning Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contingency Planning Outline - Essay Example The next step is to outline the components of the plan; risk areas (McIntosh, 2007). In response to this, this paper will identify all the possible responses to the risks involved. These responses would also consider external and internal issues associated with them. It will also look at the human and financial resources needed and the problems with obtaining them. This paper will identify the issues that would hinder the accommodation of one or both of the conventions at the same time. The aim is to have both conventions but possibly at a different time. If, however, this is not possible, the aim would change to accommodate only one convention without losing the other customer for future conventions. External issues are all those problems that have nothing to do with the resort itself, but with everything else outside of it. These are all the peripheral issues that could hinder the resort in accommodating both the conventions on the same day. Internal issues, on the other hand, are problem areas within the resort. These are issues that would get in the way of the accommodation of both or one of the major conventions and so will need to be considered. Contingency planning means to plan for risks so that it can be known how to deal with them beforehand, in case they occur. It is important because it allows people to see the various ways in which a risk can be dealt with. Each response would consider external and internal issues and the human and financial resources required. Possible responses or a contingency plan for the risks identified include: Reschedule other insignificant, smaller appointments that are taking up extra and more than necessary meeting space. The external issues to consider would be the significance and profitability of the smaller party involved. If this insignificant appointment can lose an important, valuable customer for the resort, this option will

Individual theories of delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual theories of delinquency - Essay Example The choice theories have their basis on criminology classical school. The main emphasize here is on one’s potential to come up with certain choices. According to these theories, delinquency and various antisocial behaviour results from different traits and processes that are biological such as the dysfunction of the brain and several others. The psychological theories just like the choice theories mainly traces the delinquency causes on different factors in an individual. However, the key focus is mainly on the individual’s intelligence, temperament and juvenile personality. According to Siegel and Welsh (2010), the first explanation of crime was that individuals make various choices with regard to their behaviour. The assumption was that every individual has the free will in choosing behaviour and that those who opt to violate the law were driven mainly by their own greed, survival, vengeance or even morals. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham who were utilitarian philosophers argued that in most cases individuals consider their action’s consequences before making any move on behaviour course. The scholars’writings formed the ancient classical criminology basis. Currently it is known as the rational choice theory. Choice theory assumption is that individual’s behaviour is a consequence that is directly linked to one’s conscious decisions either to be involved or not in a specific behaviour. According to the criminology classical school, the juveniles are people who are rational and intelligent with great potential to come up with different choices. Hence, this theory insists that before any action, young individuals calculate their behaviours costs and benefits. This theory further adds that crime is the outcome of supposing that greater gains will result from disobeying the law rather than following it. In most

Answer week 10 m9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer week 10 m9 - Essay Example Our workplace environment operates in a very strict ethical environment. Any employee who attempts to violate the set norms attracts immediate dismissal or sanction. I admit that the CAL project has equipped me with variety of skills on how to resolve the workplace-based problem. Through the project, I have understood the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an inevitable component in the contemporary organizations. It encompasses creation of a favorable workplace environment to both the outsiders and the insiders. Having worked for nine months in a research firm, I have notice that one of the main causes of work-based problem is the lack of honesty, honesty, accountability, integrity, and legitimacy (Badaracco, 1992). From the CAL project, I have learnt that CSR provides framework through which such organizational problems can be identified, managed and controlled. One of the challenges facing most of the human resource managers concerns the incorporation of CSR requirements. Most managers find it hard to integrate some of the CSR because of the aspect of cultural differences. Personally, I have been trying my best to incorporate most of the general reflection on learning outcomes in the firm I work in. However, I normally face the problem related to cultural diversity. Badaracco, J.L., 1992, Business ethics: Four spheres of executive responsibility, California Management Review, 34(3), pp. 64-79. Available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/detail?sid=c2ac9049-a9b7-49b0-9698- 74f9a857ae32%40sessionmgr104ssss&vid=1&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3Qtb

Investigation of variables for monitoring muscle fatigue in EMG Essay

Investigation of variables for monitoring muscle fatigue in EMG recordings - Essay Example Here the assessments are based on the analysis of signals produced during the activity of the muscle; contraction or relaxation. There are many algorithms used available for estimating the amplitude, frequency variables and conduction velocity of the surface EMG signal detected during voluntary contractions. Here the most widely accepted algorithms are studied and its advantages and drawbacks are outlined. Here the focus is made on the frequency analysis of surface EMG signal. The results obtained during the frequency analysis of surface EMG signifies the behavior of test signals based on mean and median frequency variables acquired using PSD estimation methods, namely Autoregressive and Periodogram. Here an electromyograph is record the signals generated during the electrical or neurological excitation of the muscle cells and these recorded signals are then subjected to spectral analysis. The frequency responses of the signals are considered assessments are made accordingly. â€Å" Surface EMG signals are decomposed into 32-subbands by using a cosine modulated filter bank. Both the instantaneous mean frequency (IMF) and the instantaneous amplitude (IA) are estimated from the sub bands and are used as indicators of muscle fatigue† (McGoron, et al, 2009, P. 267). Table of Contents 1. Introduction 7 1.1. Power spectral density (PSD) 7 1.2. Spectrum estimation techniques 8 1.2.1. Fast Fourier transforms 9 1.2.2. Blackman turkey approach 10 1.2.3. Autoregressive method 11 1.2.4. Auto regressive moving average model 12 1.3 EMG 13 1.4. Application of PSD in EMG 13 2. Literature on Application 14 3. Discussion 17 3.1 deterministic function 18 3.2. Stochastic function 18 3.3 induction of autoregressive approach 19 4. Results 31 4.1. Deterministic 31 4.1.1. Test signal 1 31 4.1.2 Test signal 2 37 4.2. Stochastic 46 4.2.1. Test signal 4 46 4.2.2 Test signal 5 53 4.2.3 Test signal 6 57 5. Advantages of EMG and PSD 63 5. Conclusion 64 1. Introduction: At the present era medical literature considers human muscle fatigue as a physical phenomenon that starts during the onset of a muscle contraction and develops progressively until the muscle cannot generate force, the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) reduces during muscle fatigue. Here spectral analysis is used to examine the nature of signals recorded in the electromyograph due the electrical activity of the muscle fibers. 1.1 power spectral density (PSD): Power spectral density (PSD) is the frequency response of a random or periodic signal and indicates where power is distributed as a function of frequency. PSD is deterministic and for certain types of random signals independent of time. It shows the strength and weakness of the signals at different frequency levels. The frequency level of the signal is drawn against time to get the spectra. Waveform can be represented by a plot of amplitude versus frequency together with a plot of phase versus frequency, respectively known as the amplitude a nd phase spectra. Amplitude and phase