Are Women More Law Abiding Than Men?

The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 – 1982), Wednesday 26 April 1967, page 4, 5 WOMEN ARE REALLY YES, there is in ? ail very few women are that because the average woman opportunities for crime than the could it discovered . . . AND, offenders National Library of Australia are BUT . .. has fewer man? be thal fewer crimes by THE . women , . OR are of those discovered, fewer taken to court? http://nla. gov. au/nla. news-article51272975 I talked to Mr. Gordon senior lecturer at Hawkins, â€Å"// men like were close jails. † up stopped me Comptroller our in of gone to instantly went â€Å"At the could mrtually we startlingThis see him from the former of my head. he said, â€Å"there are moment,† It from figures, to every ing 40 to to specific disparity enormous crimes, must â€Å"Interestingly, â€Å"Either that,† said Mr. they've got men I decided it where have following subject, 6, I dis- there were prisons, Melbourne or furious and negligent 172 act daily Welfare average for Queensland four tern 25 1100 was men In South women. and Aus- with women. the Child of Department N. S. W. prisons For by omission, or and men I checked The women. driving, 21 men and no women. inflicting bodily harm prisoners in male wanton to see if the pat- ith juvenile, so teenage, crime. The figures relate to boys and girls aged eight to 18. held called ‘ tralia ratio the was 864 In Perth it to every men to men 50 Here samples of the 30 latest trial 1964, 52 for murder, of figures N. S. W. stood men and â€Å"In 1955-56,† man couple a by the Department: In 940 women. released' Police women. about was are 1966 over eight to)d 5905 spokes- a court â€Å"there appearances under charged boys Crimes 364 by Act. There were by the were girls. â€Å"We times me, five about accommodation need the women. In men the year 13,850 arrested for lar- same were ceny, and only 2054 Then here were women. the serious driving offences: For bodily harm by for boys need for on parole than we girls. States â€Å"Other Australian similar ratio, a show very so does New Zealand. † inflicting wanton or furious I talked to Mr. more â€Å"For led. ON covered 60 countries are Morony, grinning, â€Å"or pursue the to women do their dirty work for them. † to February 2200 female more it that means you think to men? † asked. morally superior I female, ris- in certain such as mean something. â€Å"Do male burglary. it surely – one the by eight arrests An percent. American compiled show FBI, from varies latest â€Å"The he the ver country, ranging to five to 25 men prisons to every woman. † in NJS. W. â€Å"all me, world. country 40 a exists,† disparity told out Uni- School, prison governor. â€Å"The J. Mr. Crimin- Sydney Law versity another matter, on ology the at statement tracks. It came my Prisons for NSW. , Morony. Vd which women of Institute the . Gordon where there crime is in women freedom. example, it' s 2744 Where women their crime to in one Tunis, but Belgium. 342 â€Å"Here's another ing and Algeria point, to interest- culled world-wide in one from criminal istics: the crime of for â€Å"It normally declines post-war as things get back o normal. † disparity between This male and female crime has, it been noted for seems, centuries. criminologists face women less criminal, and looked for explanations. found in biological the said, than Others in roles played women, the By an the by and one answer and in the in great world, the other the home,, removed from temptation and opportunity. if they will in the cause the added, change society two causes, social. situation role combined mit for lifting, thefts biological The tistics pfain there, daylight, and the staas figures â€Å"The Criminality of prostiby thefts perjury, domestic servants, ccusations, infanti- abortion. cide, and social lack of â€Å"Also writes, he opportunity,† the be rather many in women to instig ator the the performer than act. † (In Mr. Morony's more â€Å"Women phrase, graphic to men their do dirty for them. â€Å") work in- accomplices and frequently escape detected, detection or, if And stigators often A punishment. escape woman's likely she a were reluctant Juries are let her to >> than her charges against man. rnore are her arrest likely to more to off. shopper, at victim male prefer less the is harder shoplifting traditional detec' to than a man. days 0 especially in these elf-service merchandising Though lie. poison, prostitutes, by itself, against In example, by Woman, figures themselves. were and shop- murders false Pol insisted Dr. reported, lak; under- grossly are Policemen the quarrelled with couldn't – is women's expands. mis- give an inaccurate female, because â€Å"masked† crime tends to be often undetected, ^unreported, unpunished. comThe crimes women social, as Still others Few is The They have different men an leading. of the overt m en. found society, with up unexpected conclusion: figures themselves aux cases women submissive more conformist And came â€Å"forces answer ifferences. they nature, in figures concluded by nature are Some are have the value, that around Pollak tution simply accepted at and picture men. gradually Many Barnes female dramatically women are wartime, when doing and jobs taking reserved Criminality of published by Co. , New York, ( American in 1950), the criminologist Dr. Otto in responsibility â€Å"The Women† stat- rises rate rises rate In dramatically freer, are crimes by women property dramatically during 115 e w*r' during w*r' LAW-ABIDING SEX? of reasons can in explana- sorts be advanced tion,† A warder in the women's section at Sydney's LongBay Jail watches prisoners in the exercise yard, lt's . Mr. Hawkins â€Å"The American ogist Talcott said. sociol- Parsons puts lot of stress on the different upbringings a of hardly crowded. and boys girl into girls. â€Å"You i nitiate a *be homemaker-tnother KAY By KEAVNEY from earliest watch can this role. society time, presumably as opporwiden, women are often charged with most alas, their against gible, nearest tery has dearest and most accessible, the family or the neighbor. Assault, for instance, And woman's roles child parer, and nurse sick give her – some are not opportunities available to Of The isn't goingHence they're suffer from frus- to â€Å"Girls are constantly conditioned to be ‘feminine,' boys to be ‘strong,' that is, tough, aggressive, by charac- of female crime, the is experts agree, violence but deceit. And competitive, with not tence sion Inside the variety home, gruesome tend to opportunities their use sex in a of ways, especially as decoys when working with a male accomplice. Dr. Pollak blames both female biology and society this deceitfulness. One way and another, he probably proves his theory that a greater proportion of and all in all, self defence. criminals w omen insis- an self-help, on â€Å"But for nrealistic, true. bound women. marked something and trations. which are most teristic the murderers pilots, to come men. most boy example something that grue- all poison, mys- be initiated. to heroic pre- of certain a boy. The concrete no space traditional food rearer, of to home-maker, as – the â€Å"Girls in their play tend for the mother prepare role. Boys play at being is a husband, neighbor. or jobs are_ and intan- something to in which generally against lover, rival, for so sons. fathers' â€Å"Many often and most and pretty abstract crimes â€Å"against the person. † And, isn't this fathers tunities times. She her mother n But in our urban certain aggresoffice. or put into action. to â€Å"Girls deviate from the in a difpermissible form ferent boys. from way Mostly they want to ‘jump the gun' to play their conventional roles but at – a premature â€Å"When it's rates of crime. things of reasons wants b oy, frustrated, turns to and dreams fantasies likely he's all too which proportion of crimes go undetected, unreported, uncharged, or unpunished. But, in Mr. Hawkins' opinion, even allowing for all the factors Dr. Pollak brings forward, still you get a wide disparity between male and female sorts one factory a The female â€Å"All no in

Liberal arts and counseling

Another important skill that is in application in counseling is writing. This can be described as the presentation of thoughts and ideas in textual medium which is quite different from illustration.Every aspect of academics employs this skill and therefore they is no way we can have counseling without writing. Writing is very important because during counseling sessions, notes should be taken because in the end, you will use those notes in deducing your verdict.Writing skills here are very important because the notes taken have to take a certain logical order. Notes well taken in previous sessions can be used in various ways like in researches especially when a particular problem is recurring and no permanent solution is forthcoming (Chen, Noosbond, & Bruce, 1998).Research done in counseling field is based on those notes that is taken or gotten from clients therefore the format of writing and how it is done is very important. This writing is not important to the counselor only but so metimes communication between the counselor and counselee may be through writing because of barriers in verbal communication.The goodness of this is that it tries to personify the problem and create two entities. This makes analyzing the problem easier because you can look at the problem alone and the counselee alone thereby studying the two entities separately and then combining your findings so that you can give a clinical and professional solution to the problem (Tomm, 1989).Writing option is a very effective method of counseling especially with the adolescents that are shy in expressing themselves and it exploits strength based approach not neglecting the cultural aspects of the society. This is essential in setting up individual paces because traditionally the adolescent is usually at a slower pace than the counselor.When the pace is set up, it builds up confidence on the part of the adolescent thereby speeding up the whole process and making drawing of conclusions easy. Howeve r, the writing method may not be applicable to all adolescents especially those that are poor in writing skills (Tomm, 1989).The above liberal arts skills are phenomenal in effective counseling. They rely on one another such that it is almost like a mandatory requirement to have them or at least consider them before advancement of career in counseling.Humanity study comes naturally despite it being included in most curricular in university studies. Oral expression is learnt especially when one is involved in literature studies where poetry is involved. The writing skill covers the other skills since after all is said and done; one has to put down something.Writing is important in keeping records and conducting the counseling itself because sometimes it is a means of communicating with the clients. Contribution of liberal arts to counseling is immense almost making the two disciplines one because of interdependence on one another.ReferenceChen, M., Noosbond, J. P., & Bruce, M. A. (19 98). Therapeutic document in group counseling:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An active change agent. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, (2).404-411.Fristad, M. A., Gavazzi, S. M., & Soldano, K. W. (1999). Naming the enemy: Learning to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   differentiate mood disorder mood disorder   symptoms† from the â€Å"self† that experiences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   them. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 10, (9). 81-88.Hall, A. S., & Jugovic, H. J. (1997). Adolescents' self-determination: Assuming competency,.   Ã‚   Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 19, (6): 256-267Tomm, K. (1989). Externalizing the problem and internalizing the personal agency. Journal of    Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 8, (10).54-59Zimmerman, T. S., & Shepherd, S. D. (1993). Externalizing the problem of bulimia:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conversation, drawing, and letter writing in group therapy. Journal of Systemic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therapies, 12, (1). 22-31.

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What Impact Did The Boeing - Airbus Dispute Have On The European Union - Essay Example As such, the European Union is one of the powerful forces after the present round of polygonal trade negotiations in the World Trade Organization. The main purpose of the New Round is to put growth at the heart of the world trade structure in a way that will help them battle inflation. The World Trade Organization was recognized in 1995 as a consequence of the Uruguay Round of polygonal trade discussions. It is an international organization that sets universal rules of trade among nations. The central part of the World Trade Organization system, understood as the multilateral trading system, its Members take up the World Trade Organization agreements, which lay down the permissible ground rules for international trade as well as the market-opening obligations. The World Trade Organization is collection of governments and political bodies and is a member-driven organization with conclusions mainly taken on an accord basis. Membership entails a stability of rights and obligations. By October 2004, 149 countries had connected the World Trade Organization, with approximately twenty-five negotiating to sign up. The main and most complete unit is the European Union with its twenty-five Member States. Certainly, while the Member States organize their places in Brussels and Geneva, the European Union Commission only speaks for the European Union at more or less all World Trade Organization conferences. ... also the second-chief defense supplier in the world, and the main civil aircraft producer in the world in terms of aircraft orders after long straggling Airbus for the past five years, and the main exporter in the United States. Airbus, which first transported additional planes than Boeing in 2003, will preserve that escort for 2005 as it anticipate to sell 370 planes in contrast with 290 (Fisher, 2002, P 1). Boeing's two major sections are Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), responsible for military and space products, and Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA), accountable for civil airliners. Boeing has long been the principal in the world aviation industry. Having lived the unstable seminal years of the industry, Boeing's first achievement was as a manufacturer of military aircraft during and after World War II. In the commercial aircraft division, its first achievement happened in the 1950s with the expansion of the 707, which became the world's first victorious jetliner. Boeing then congealed its leading place in the commercial market in the 1970s with the growth of the 747. Airbus most commonly known as simply Airbus only, its foundtion in Toulouse, France, is the globes main commercial aircraft producer. It was built-in 2001 under French law. Airbus was priorly known as Airbus Industries and is merely just named Airbus. Airbus is mutually held by European Aeronautic, Defense, and Space Company (80%) and BAE Systems (20%), European Union two principal military suppliers and producers. For 2005, its CEO is Gustav Humbert. Airbus utilize around 52,000 people in numerous European Union countries. Manufacturing takes place at Toulouse France, Hamburg Germany, Barcelona Spain, and Chester UK. The foremost opponent of Airbus is Boeing, with which it fights an strong

Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Dissertation

Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Performance - Dissertation Example This study is intended to provide valuable insight on human resource strategies and their relevancy to employee empowerment in diverse organizational cultures. By analyzing the results of employee and administrator surveys, the research will prove that positive relationships between management and the worker are mutually inclusive of increased job performance and employee retention. An Abstract of The Interaction Effect of Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Performance by Student Name Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Economics The University June 2013 Recruitment, retention, and the motivation of top performing employees have been ongoing challenges for employers. In the past, business entities relied upon the principles of their predecessors to structure human resource management plans through traditional styles of leadership. Today, diversity in the workplace has evolved in to one of the most significant topics for businesses’ management of human capital.Workplace diversity is the foundation for conflict in regard to communication and the attainment of the best fit in human resource management. Behavioral theorists have used psychoanalytic research to find proven methods to obtain positive productive behaviors. When an organization’s leadership styles promote employee empowerment, the level of job performance increases. ... The purpose of this study is to establish the existence of a positive relationship between leadership approach and employee empowerment in regard to job performance. TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 SIGNATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 P REFACE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 LIST OF TABLES†¦...........................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 NATURE OF THE STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 1.1 Sigmund Freud: Human Thought Processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 1.2 Heuristics and Theory: Trust as Expectation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 1.3 Stewardship Theory and Agency Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 1.4 Motivation: Intrinsic and Extrin sic Reinforcement Learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 1.5

Respond to questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respond to questions - Assignment Example Furthermore, social media has become another platform which can be used to influence people against acknowledging thin models being used in fashion shows or adverts. However, being thin should not be deemed as unhealthy. Nevertheless, this campaign should be directed towards those using drugs or skipping meals in order to be thin. Such people should be banned from participating in adverts or fashion shows in the country. Therefore, all people who want to participate in these shows should have a record of their weight reviewed and an approval from a physician. The current challenges that the world is facing such as global warming exist because there has been no strict regulations on the industries. Therefore, leaving the decision on the use of sustainable materials to designers is a major risk to the existence of the future generation. The student has argued logically on the need for the current generation to protect the scarce resources and an already strained environment. The essay is clear with only minor grammatical issues. However, the essay can be used in major arguments that are related to

Externality and differences between the Pigovian and Cosian views Essay

Externality and differences between the Pigovian and Cosian views - Essay Example This paper discusses externalities and compares and contrasts Pigovian and Cosian Views. Externalities can cause inefficient allocation of resources, because when a negative externality is present, we produce and consume too much of the product and consequently, over-allocate resources to production. For example, when the fisherman is not aware of the effect of the fertilizers on his livelihood, he exerts more time and energy to catch fishes that has a dwindling population. His resources are inefficiently allocated. When a positive externality is present, we produce and consume too little of the product, which leads to under-allocation of resources to production. For instance, if there is a positive externality that involves one homeowner improving his property, other homeowners might not be motivated to improve their own properties. There is under-allocation of resources. Over-allocation and under-allocation of resources evidently result to inefficient allocation of resources. Furth ermore, the price system attains efficiency, if it rewards producers who can serve the customers well, mainly through providing the lowest possible prices (Baumol and Blinder 312). This system becomes faulty, when positive and negative externalities are not identified and integrated into the equation (Baumol and Blinder 312). There are diverse views on how to manage externalities. Some economists advocate for government intervention, while others want to rely on market mechanisms to correct externalities. When an externality causes the market to allocate resources inefficiently, the government can respond in one of two approaches: command-and-control policies or market-based policies (Mankiw 212). Command-and-control policies aim to regulate externalities directly by requiring or banning certain behaviors or actions (Mankiw 213). The government also uses subsidies to require positive behaviors that lead to positive externalities. Also, it is a crime to dump toxic wastes into the riv ers. The costs of pollution and adversities to health and livelihood greatly exceed the benefits to the polluter. Still, it is not always easy to control and monitor all negative externalities. For instance, every transportation vehicle produces some sort of externality or pollution by-products and it will not be feasible to eradicate or ban them all. As a result, the government creates government agencies that develop and implement policies that protect the environment, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the U.S. Other forms of government intervention that regulates externalities are market-based policies. They seek to align private incentives with social efficiency (Mankiw 213). For instance, the government can internalize externality by taxing activities that produce negative externalities, or it can subsidize activities that generate positive externalities (Mankiw 213). Taxes that internalize negative externalities are called corrective taxes (Mankiw 213). They are also called Pigovian taxes, after the economist, Arthur Pigou, who is one of the first advocates of such taxes. An ideal corrective tax would equal the external costs of activities that lead to negative externalities, while an ideal corrective subsidy would equal the external benefit of activities that produce positive externalities (Mankiw 213). This paper proceeds to explore the similarities between

Glass Ceiling Essay Example for Free

Glass Ceiling Essay Glass ceiling is a term that describes the artificial plateau, beyond which women and other minorities are denied the opportunity to advance to upper levels of executive management in corporate America. It has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women the top level jobs, merited by their performance. Glass ceiling is an explanation, which describes the factors involved in the activities of upper levels of executive management in corporate America. (Cordtz, 2003) The women group and the other minorities are stopped to succeed in their respective fields. Although the minorities as well as women are much qualified, and deserve the upper level positions in the management. The observations on this research topic describes that it is a routine practice of the management that they deny thousands of qualified women to come up and prove their talents. The qualified women’s are desirable to work and show their capabilities to the world. But they are not allowed to do so. The minority groups and women also deserve their respective positions on their merit but they are denied to prove their capabilities. The glass ceiling is also known as the brick wall because the women and the minority groups complain about the ineffective behavior of the higher level of management. These workingwomen Order#31415899 Pg. 2 and the minority groups are really fed up of this discrimination. They want a proper platform where the decisions should be made on the basis of equality. â€Å"Department of Labor studies have found that women hold only a small percentage of senior management positions in Fortune 500 companies. The glass ceiling barriers toward women are nothing but an insidious form of sex discrimination, in violation of law. † The studies based on the topic of Glass Ceiling describes that women are deprived of their rights and are not allowed to reach higher level of management. There is a barrier, which stops this effective group of workers to rise. Women are really competitive and they have many in born talents to prove and explore. This group can prove themselves in any field but they are not allowed to make themselves competitive, instead they are degraded and discouraged. (Cordtz, 2003) Glass ceiling is considered as the level beyond which qualified women and minority groups are not allowed to rise in a particular woprkplace. The glass ceiling consists of those factors, which form this barrier for the competitive women. Glass ceiling comprises of day-to day practices, dealings, attitudes, behavior and internal systems that adds to the career disadvantage of women. These factors are considered to be Order#31415899 Pg. 3 hindrances in the path of success and progress of the group of women. There are many other reasons which are included in the artificial barrier, which are â€Å"Overall, women work fewer hours than men; have less job experience and work fewer years; and avoid work in risky or unpleasant jobs which tend to be more highly compensated. Also, marriage and children tend to depress earnings for women when compared to men or single females† The factors, which are included in the glass ceiling, are that these women workers are not allowed to work for many hours because they also have the responsibility of their home. Moreover women are not so experienced and advanced as compared to men. If the situation will be considered by the society’s point of view than it will be noted that structure and the capabilities of the women are limited and their implication can be made in certain specific circumstances. A woman acts as a mother and a wife . In order to fulfill the requirements of a mother and a wife she gets confused and is not able to concentrate on the work efficiently. Women have a wide share of responsibility and they cannot devote themselves entirely to one task. (Zachariasiewicz, 2001) Order#31415899 Pg. 4 Studies show that glass ceiling act as a barrier for the progress and success of the women also includes the factor that the women do not know the art to control corporate activities . In fact they are not able to understand the complexed activities of the corporate . As it can be said that â€Å". Corporate life is a game, which is not always fair: for men or women. Being able to take risks without making waves, being a team player who can operate independently when necessary and participating in after-hours activities may not set well with some women, but for the present, the reality of the situation needs to be acknowledged if it is ever to change†. (Zachariasiewicz, 2001) My own experiences have taught me that corporate life is not an easy task to deal with . The activities of corporate involves many factors and these factors are divided into groups and subgroups . It is not always fair for both men and women. There are certain standards, which have to be fulfilled in order to run a smooth corporate life . If these standards would not be fulfilled than it might prove dangerous for the future of the company. There should be an ability to take risks without uttering a single word of complaint. Then the corporate life also includes the factor that the workers and the higher level of management should be independent enough to deal with ups and Order#31415899 downs of the businesses. Sometimes the corporate life also demands to devote more time and energy. But this is not possible for women workers. A corporation is like a pyramid, the chairman of the board and president are at the top levels of corporate pyramid. After going one stage lower it will be found that Executive Vice Presidents, Senior Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents, Mangers, Directors, Supervisors are present in the lower levels of corporation pyramid. And there is an imaginary line present in the corporate pyramid and this imaginary line is considered to be glass ceiling. (Zachariasiewicz, 200 -Works Cited- Cordtz, Dan (2003). The glass ceiling. FW, Vol. 163 Issue 17, p64 Zachariasiewicz, Robert (2001). Breaking the glass ceiling. Credit World, Vol. 81 Issue 5, p21 Glass Ceiling-Wikipedia-Free Encyclopedia. Break the Glass Ceiling Foundation/Equal Opportunities for women. WWW. breaktheglassfoundation. com Woman in Buisness/The conundrum of the glass ceiling/Economist. com WWW. economist. com/displaystory. Women at Work-The Glass Ceiling: iVillage www. ivillage. co. uk/workcareer/workrights/discrim/articls. html The Glass Ceiling-www. diversitydtg. com/articles/glass. html The Glass Ceiling by Re’ne Redwood- Human Civil Rights www. inmotionmagazine. com/glass. html

In A Moment Of Self Discovery English Literature Essay

In A Moment Of Self Discovery English Literature Essay In Henrik Ibsens A Doll House, Nora experiences a quick epiphany at the dà ©nouement of the play; this moves the plot forward into the resolution (at least for Nora). This final scene is compressed into Aristotles Theory of tragedy of a complex plot. The actions between Nora and Torvald surprise the audience in several manners, while continuing the story. The act of reading Krogstads second letter received by the maid contributes to preipeteia. This occurs because Krogstad produced a letter of amnesty, an effect opposite to which he intended to produce, originally wanting to expose Noras debt to him and longing for Helmers new job. This event expedites the next, anagnorisis, allowing Noras epiphany to take place, producing conflict between herself and Torvald. Noras new perspective places Torvald into confusion, trying to understand her personal revelation: HELMER (sitting at the table directly opposite her). You worry me, Nora. And I dont understand you. HELMER. How do you mean that? HELMER. Whats that?  [1]   The affect of a complex plot, or the cause-and-effect chain led to catastrophe. In terms of A Doll House, Nora leaves, slamming the door shut, abandoning the suffering Torvald; thus, bringing the complex plot to an ending. Antigone, in addition has a moment of anagnorisis in her final soliloquy of Sophocles Oedipus trilogy. She realizes that no one is there to save her from her metaphoric death, or literally the entombment. Seeking help from man and gods, she receives nothing but sympathetic feelings from the Theban elders; perhaps being victim of the Oedipus family curse. Having been abandoned by all, her personal dirge outlines her sacrifice for her brother, the hypothetical actions performed with a future husband (Haemon) and children, the love of her family, and a curse upon Creon. Acting upon the peripeteia of Creons punishment in the third episode, her soliloquy provides a chance of self-discovery in the next episode of the play. This chain of effects creates the catastrophe within Antigone, leading to Creons suffering of both Haemons and Eurydices death in the exodos. Antigones epiphany of loneliness affects the plot because of her own death and the curse set on Creon. His grievance over family suicides progresses the plot, feeling ashamed for all he has done. Comparing both tragedys they use anagnorisis in the female protagonists, later influencing plot. In Aristotles view, plot is most important priority of a tragedy. Seemingly, both plays use a complex plot structure in the lusis of action. Ibsen compresses this unravelling in the last ten pages of the tragedy, compared to Sophocles expanded over six separate scenes. The agency of self-discovery is defined as the change from ignorance to knowledge and Nora goes through a much more rational process than Antigone. Noras naivetà © stems from how she is treated as a woman. Her knowledge is gained through and used against Torvald, explaining her stream of consciousness before leaving the family. Noras epiphany has a smaller affect on character and plot outcome, as Antigones anagnorisis is overwhelming with the affects ranging for the rest of the play. At first, our Greek protagonist assumes that burying her brother Polynices is justifiable through the gods, however earthly laws state it is illegal. Therefore, when she is brought back to Creon to hear her final outcome, a life and death situation, her mindset changes. Accepting her actions and the chaotic environment around her, she kills herself so she can be with her loving family. Nora and Antigones anagnorisis leads to more actions, the catastrophe; however, it is Antigones reaction to it that stands out because it leads suicide. In addition, the effect of the female self-discovery affects their male opposite detrimentally. In A Doll House, Torvald is left sitting alone, bewildered. in contrast Creon is left with no family. His son and wife are dead. The use of anagnorisis in A Doll House and in Antigone develop the plot, but it is Sophocles Antigone that dramatizes the affect of self-discovery, leading to multiple deaths and Creons sorrow. Comparison between plot development/complexity Characterization with self-discovery Nora She wants a new life with a real meaning She can only have a real life outside of the house, Within the house she is trapped, she doesnt like Torvalds care for her Her epiphany stems from the way Torvald acts, and what he said He is not emotionally devoted to her But it devoted on how he can play with or handle her life, like the father Transforming into a new woman, with her new found independence She cannot stand being controlled anymore Characterization through inner thoughts and feelings that are expressed through dialogue Torvald initiates her stream of consciousness and reasoning She becomes stronger as an independent woman Challenging society and Torvald/rules The conflicting views of honour and women Antigone Her self-discovery only contains anagnorisis She realizes that she is alone and cannot be saved by anyone In normal spoken verse, a solliliquy is said by her Recollecting on the main thoughts on the tragedy of this play Burying her dead brother sending him to the underworld, in return she dies because of her unlawful actions Although respecting the gods, she didnt receive the same respect on earth Compare and Contrast the characterization effects Conlcusion!!!

The modern work ethic and orientation

The modern work ethic and orientation There are various types of works and with each type there is a different type of work orientation attached, for example in a regular manual labour one would not expect the worker to bring on high commitment to work as this worker will be working in order to meet ends with taking care of the family as his main goal. On the other hand in a skilled laboratory, for example, the scientist will be expected to work and bring along a good quality of work orientations so that the work goes on smoothly and the other research counterpart benefits due to a workers high quality work. Here the worker has the science related work as the main goal, and family and other criteria comes secondary. Initial studies have concentrated in generalising the work force and the work orientations they bring about at a work place. Though this was not very wrong at their times but in modern times this has changed as there is a lot of division in a similar type of work itself. For example, in a production company, there are people who are working at a manufacturing level, there are people who are working at RD level, and there are people who are working at business level. At the business level there are further divisions including HR, sales, marketing etc. At each level there are different types of orientations expected out of the worker. A skilled labourer working at a plant will have different expectations and future goals as compared to the big boss sitting at the executive level. The main issue here is that the old studies have concentrated on generalising the work orientations. In these new times there are new requirements to consider in order to make the work a better place which is beneficial for both the worker and the employee. Though we can learn a lot from old researches, newer studies are still required as the times have changed in a major ways. Therefore specific studies are required in order to understand what is beneficial for both. The meaning of work There are many definitions of work. In theology work can be the Karma or deed, in physics it happens when and where a certain amount of energy moves a body of specific weight through a specific distance and at the level of human labour it may involve employment or house work. In economic term labour is the amount of work done by humans and can include manual labour (which is the physical work done by someone or a group of people), waged labour (where a worker sells his labour and an employer buys it for hourly/pre-decided payment), or project management (where the main aim is to finish a task). Work is a social duty and contributes to social order in any society, it is also there to promote moral worth in the individual (Anthony 1977) The Ideology of Work (International Behavioural and Social Sciences Library), Even religion has paid emphasis to work like in Islam, work ethic argues that life without work has no meaning and engagement in economic activities is an obligation (Yousef 2001:153) even Buddha singled out laziness as a cause of downfall of men and nations and urged that everyone should put forth effort (Niles 1999:858). The basic reason for a person to work is for economic gains. Working to survive, to gain food, shelter, etc. a person wants to work to gain self- respect. But is it all about money? This is a question mostly asked to people who wants to associate career success to the amount of money they earn. Work is not always about money, this is because there are certain other terms involved including job satisfaction and career growth. Gallie, D and White, M (1993) Employee Commitment and the Skills Revolution, London: Policy Studies Institute. At the level of nations, every nation wants its people to work in order to contribute to the society. In certain countries it is an obligation where everyone must work to the best of their ability and contribute to society (Britain, Japan, USA) in others it is an entitlement where everyone has the right to a meaningful and interesting job with proper training (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany) [Status and type of job (Baruch, 2004)] The modern work ethic and introducing orientations to work According to Watson, work is the essential prerequisite of personal and social advancement and of self-fulfilment (Watson 1995:115). It is the meaning that working individuals attach to their work, which predisposes them to think and act in particular ways and with regard to work it is very important (Watson 2002). There are two types of works (Watson 1995), one which gives intrinsic satisfaction is enriching, provides any kind of a challenge, enables development and self-fulfilment, so here the work has an expressive meaning. On other hand, work which gives extrinsic satisfactions yields no value and is only a mean to meet the ends. Here, satisfaction or fulfilment is sought outside of work like in a hobby of some sort. Here the work has an instrumental meaning Work orientation  basically Refers to the ethics, expectations, and state of mind that any worker brings to an establishment. This topic has been of concern to many people. There have been studies which have revealed that work orientation influence the experience of job. Work orientation is related to motivation but is not motivation, it is associated with commitment but is not commitment. In the year 1960, studies were carried out in a car plant in Luton by Goldthorpe, Lockwood et al. Here he concluded his study with a paradox which was that workers were neither satisfied nor dis-satisfied with their work. They did not appear to be deriving any intrinsic or social satisfaction from job but did not express dissatisfaction with their work. [Goldthorpe J, Lockwood D, Bechhofer F and Platt J, 1968, The Affluent Worker: industrial attitudes and Behaviour, Cambridge Univ. Press.] Here he showed that an instrumental worker works to meet an end , has a calculative involvement, i.e. is not too indulgent or job oriented, and there is a clear separation within job and non-job related activities. Therefore the worker brought a only a limited amount of work orientation into the work organisation. Though in conclusion Goldthorpe says that the worker has a choice to leave the job and go elsewhere where he can have a better job satisfaction. This work by Goldthorpe has been criticized by many including Devine Grieco, Daniel Beynon and Blackburn. They said that all the work in industrial societies has an instrumental basis or nature, i.e. the worker joins the work knowing that this will be only to meet the end not to gain other things (Devine 1992; Grieco 1987). The instrumental worker does not have much choice as concluded by Goldthorpe (Beynon and Blackburn 1972) because either he is unskilled in other kind of work or he is limited in initial resources to start a work of a specific kind. Also Daniel said that Work orientation is not static (Daniel 1973). According to these critiques, Goldthorpe was overly simplistic with focus on money or as they said fulfilment because he chose a problematic group for managers to work upon, also he forgot to understand that manual labour was a lot more accessible to investigation which in the first place is not liked by workers who are doing this kind of job. Also his studies, did not had a control comparison with professionally orientation to work which includes qualifications, feeling of success, values placed on hard work, extent of control over destiny and feeling good about current job and attachment to organisation. His studies also did not include gender which is an important part to study at a society level because of many families now a days have both members working. Introducing gender There have been many studies done including by Hakim in which there is introduction of women and men at a same level in the work force and their studies. Since Goldthorpe et als study ignores gender, Hakims (1991) talks about women grateful slaves and self-made women and men and compare them. Hakims (1995) polarity thesis: work-centred women, home-centred women and drifters / Hakims (1998, 2001) preference theory He put forwards a preference theory in which there are 3 kinds of women; Work-centred women which constitutes of (25%) of the total population surveyed. These women were childless and were committed to work, investment in training, qualifications etc. His second group consisted of Home-centred women which constituted of 28% of the surveyed population who had family as their main priority. They did not prefer to work as they believed in qualifications as only for intellectual dowry. The third category of working women were adaptives which were a mix of both (47%) and combined a balance between raising children and reaching career goals despite of not totally being highly committed to career. According to them qualifications obtained for working was there to help them gain promotions etc. His work challenges the traditional feminist myths and shows that women were aware of individual differences (preferences). Though his work was survey based there were no dialogs with the women themselves (Procter and Padfield 1998; Caven 1999; Fagan 2001). He also assumed that orientation to work is static and predetermined (Fagan 2001). According to many critiques he Overemphasised choices and preferences and totally ignored structural and economic factors involved. Bringing men back in It is notable that there is in practice only one choice of work history for men, compared to three for women. Feminists who emphasise that womens choices are constrained and not completely free overlook the fact that women have more choices than men (Hakim 1996:134, But is this really the case? According to Nolan this is not the case as many men fits the adaptives category (Nolan, 2009). Fagan shows this by talking about how Mens commitment to work declines around time of childbirth (Fagan, 2001). Also Structural demands prevent men from spending time with family (Pleck, 1985) which makes them prefer to be adaptive rather than being totally work oriented. Work orientation and gender relation: Work orientation  basically Refers to the values, anticipations, and feelings that any worker brings to an organisation. This topic has been of interest to many people. There have been researches which have shown that work orientation effect the experience of job. Work orientation is Related to motivation but is not motivation, it is associated with commitment but ISNT commitment and it links with effort bargain and implicit contract Men mostly prefer to work in order to have a personal satisfaction and job related satisfaction i.e. their orientations to work are similar (Caven, 2009). More related research is needed in this area as this is a topic which integrates many other things including salary related rewards, career growth, time spent in job compared to time spent at home balance (Hakim, 2008; Raiden and Caven, forthcoming). There is also a need to show how and why a persons orientation towards a particular job or from a particular job changes. Conclusions The further research is indeed needed because initial studies have concentrated more upon general way of obtaining data. Also there has been a generalization of groups and initial researchers thinks that they can generalise people from all sorts of work in a specific category, this is not true as various types of jobs have their own requirements and faults which can attract a person or repel a person from that job, for example, a manual labour job given to a student during his time at the university will help him financially and keep him busy but the same job to the same student after his graduation will have no reason for the student to continue to work upon unless he is not getting a job in his specified field. Also original studies focussed on men and manufacturing and from that time there has been a lot of changes in the types of jobs available in the market today, there are jobs in various kinds of fields including science, arts, skilled labour, etc, also there have been sub division of work and thus there are different requirements at different levels. Further research in required to find out different orientations to work and the specified areas related to different aspects of work. Just like there are various definitions of work, there are many types of works done in a society. When a worker goes to an office there are certain things accepted out of him like work ethics, good practice, better outcome at highest level of quality, similarly the worker also expects certain things out of the employee.

Essay --

Quantitative Research Critique on article, Trust in nurse- patient relationships: A literature review by Leyla Dinc and Chris Gastmans Summary: †¨Purpose of the study: According to Dinc and Gastmans, the purpose of this study is to look over empirical studies on the trust within the nurse- patient relationship and to analyze and synthesize the results. Study Design: In the search for nursing literature, 34 publications were found to be relevant to be used in the study; out of these 34 publications, 22 studies exercise a qualitative design while 12 exercise quantitative design. The quantitative studies designs of this literature review included descriptive designs, cross- sectional designs, correlational designs, descriptive cross- sectional and correlational design. As for the qualitative studies included study designs: exploratory and descriptive, interpretative interactionism, hermeneutic, phenomenological design, ethnographic, feminist phenomenological design, and grounded theory approach, How data is collected: As for how data was collected, all the quantitative studies were collected using a questionnaire and scales such as the Trust in Provider Scale, Consortium Patient Satisfaction tool, Group- Based Medical Mistrust Scale, Cultural Mistrust Scale Inventory, and Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale. One of the researchers used the Trust Subscale of Patient’ Opinion of Nursing Care to judge the trust of nursing staff. The Caring Behaviors Assessment and Caring Behavior Questionnaire were both used on studies that dealt with the importance of nurse caring behavior. In addition, most of the qualitative studies used part structured or non- structure interviews with patients to collect data with participants. Some of the studi... ...ituations. Many of these qualities are needed to being tolerant of patients’ culture, lifestyles, and decisions without being judgmental in a condescending manner, instead give sympathetic advice, and assure with confidence. The study of Benkert and Wickson showed that patient satisfaction was positively related to trust in nurse practitioners and receipt of care in nurse managed centre (Dinc & Gastmasn 2013). It mentions how trust and faith from a nurse gave empowerment and ease for women giving birth. Above all, their study found patients with suffering had more hope when felt trust in a nurse; as for dying patients, trust gave them motivation to live, ease and sense of peace when facing death. The positive outcome of trust for nurses is when there is trust; it makes the job less stressful because patients are more compliant and cooperative with nurses’ orders.

Hofstede?s Value Dimensions Essay -- essays research papers

Hofstede's value's system Dimensions of Values The affect the four dimensions, Power Distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculine/femininity and Individual v. Collectivism have on organzational behavior shows in all cultures and cross cultures. As with power distance when dealing with other cultures you have to adapt your company values to that of the society in which you live and the people that you employ and the public that you deal with. In organizational behavior you have to be able to adapt or willingly participate and follow through on those culture beliefs of society. So your management structure has to follow the structure of that society while understanding uncertainty avoidance knowing that certain cultures like to have rules stressed, want work regulated and are willing to work hard, conform to standards and are very secure in their jobs. While some other cultures don't have as many rules or less conforming, security is not as stressed and hard work is not seen as normal life, although if you are willing to stand out by doing a job that is not expected or coming up with an idea this is more valued because it is seen as taking a risk. In addition to power distance and uncertainty avoidance affecting organization behavior there is also the Masculinity/Femininity cultures. In this area you will find certain cultures that are clearly masculine, where the dominance of men is supported and economic success is based on the men being in charge while at the same time so...

Premchand and His Works Essay -- Premchand Biographies Poet Essays

Premchand and His Works May be for the western readers the name "Premchand" may be an alien name. But for the great lovers of the Indian literature, his name comes at the top list. There is hardly anyone who is oblivion about him, who has slight interest in Hindi and Urdu. Right from the childhood, children are fed with the rich and delicious short stories written by him. Not only that, in some homes, parents and grandparents narrate the stories of Premchand in place of lullaby. His popularity reached up to such an optimum point that most of his works were translated in various languages of the world. At present one can read his works in various languages. To begin with, Premchand was a poet, novelist, playwright and storywriter who wrote in Hindi and Urdu. Born on 31st of July 1880 at a village named, "Lamahi" near Benares, that falls in the Indian state Uttar Pradesh. Though he is popularly known as Premchand but his actual name was â€Å"Nawab† or â€Å"Dhanpat†. Premchand was his pseudonym, which he adopted in the year 1910 in order to ward off the wrath of British- India Government, after the government confiscated his work titled, â€Å" Sojay Waton†. He was bound to take pseudonym as he was in the threshold of his career. In one hand, his passion was writing and on other hand he was working as a teacher in government school. Due to his family problems he couldn’t give up the job and due to his passion, he couldn’t resist himself from writing. Finally he found a neutral solution and that was to adopt a pseudonym. His father was an ordinary man. His father was a poorly paid postal employee. Like other children, Premchand’s childhood also passed away playing, which is a blessing of the age of innocen... ...ma O Ham Sawab), Vardaan (Hindi, Jalwa-e-Isar in Urdu), Sevadadan (Hindi, Bazar-e-Hisn in Urdu), Remashrama (Hindi, Gosha-e-Afiyat in Urdu), Pratijnan, Nrimala, Gaban, Rangabhumi, Kayakalpa, Karmabhumi, Godaan and the unfinished Magalsutra. He wrote several memorable short stories like â€Å"Kafan†, many of them brought together in collections, for example, Soze-vatan. Premchand wrote on social issues like child widowhood, prostitution, and exploitation of the peasant by the landlord and on the freedom movement taking place all around him. His solutions were idealistic, but his great contribution lies in posing the question at that point in time, and through the medium of novels and short stories which had till then been restricted to romance. Premchand used literature for the importance purpose of arousing public awareness about national and social issues.

Macbeth: a Dead Butcher

Parker Durham Far From a Dead Butcher â€Å"Producing forth the cruel ministers of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Malcolm spoke these words in the closing lines of the play shortly after Macbeth was killed by Macduff. While it is true that Macbeth could be characterized as a â€Å"dead butcher,† I do not believe those two words do justice in describing the person Macbeth truly is. While Macbeth commits atrocious acts of violence and murder, he did not do so without feeling regret and remorse.In Act II, Scene II, we see how Macbeth regrets slaying his king almost immediately after he pulls his dagger from Duncan’s body. Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth that so great was his guilt that he could not utter â€Å"amen† when he heard â€Å"God bless us† come from a nearby room. As humans, we all make mistakes. Usually, a single or even multiple mistakes do not define our lives. However, in Macbeth’s case, his mistake was so severe tha t it would ultimately lead to the loss of everything he loved.Killing Duncan would nullify all the good things Macbeth accomplished in his lifetime. Instead of being remembered as the valiant leader he was, he was remembered as a murderous fiend. One committing an act as foul as Macbeth’s would make one’s peers quickly forget about all of that person’s previous accomplishments and honors. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is respected and revered by his fellow officers and countrymen.So great were his accomplishments in the Scottish war against Norway that King Duncan awarded Macbeth the title of the Thane of Cawdor (Act I Scene II). After this appointment, Macbeth held the titles of both Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis. He was the most noble of all the noble, so much that the king himself visited his home. He forfeited all of this due to his moral ambivalence and greed. Ambition is a good character trait to possess. However, Macbeth’s ambition wa s so unbridled that it caused him to lose his peace of mind, his friends, and his honor.Macbeth had everything men envy and was far from a â€Å"dead butcher,† but due to one decision, his whole reputation and character were tarnished. Macbeth himself said it best in Act V, Scene III, when he said, â€Å"Is fall’n into the sear, the yellow leaf; and that which should accompany old age, as honour, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have; but, in their stead, curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honour, breath, which the poor hear would fain deny, and dare not. †

Macbeth- the Weyward Sisters

English| Macbeth- The Weyward Sisters | Discuss the nature of the three witches who foretell Macbeth’s future. The Three Witches in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth (1603-1607) add an element of supernatural and prophecy to the play. These three witches represent the personification of evil, conflict and chaos in an already hectic story. The predominant witch, Hecate- the Greek goddess of the moon and later witchcraft- and her two following witches- Graymalkin and Paddock- predict General Macbeth’s rise to the throne.The witches are described as having beards but appearing human. Also known as the ‘weyward sisters’- as quoted in Macbeth- these old, decrepit prophetesses recite â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair; Hover through the fog and filthy air†( 1;1;12-13). This line sets up the play with suspicion and confusion as the line suggests that tables will turn. â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble† (4;1;10-11) the three witches chant - making it clear that these witches seek trouble, what is unclear is whether they are changing and controlling fate or if they are merely ensuring its success.What do these prophecies represent, what clues does Shakespeare provide and what conclusion (if any) does he allow his audience to come to? â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor; All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be King hereafter! † (1;3;11-12) â€Å"The power of man; For none of woman born; Shall harm Macbeth† (4;1;88-89) The witches’ prophecies imply Macbeth will reign and that no man of natural birth will cause his downfall. The prophecies foreshadow the development of the plot, they hint to the audience the likely direction of the story and they give legitimacy to the final outcome of the plot.They give righteousness to the outcome; because its destiny. Shakespeare hints throughout the play of the expected downfall of the murderous King Macbeth. The second prophecy â€Å"For none of wom an born; Shall harm Macbeth† hints that an unnatural birthed man can kill or overthrow Macbeth. Macbeth is later be-headed in a duel against Macduff- retribution for the killing of his family including King Duncan. The audience come to a conclusion that good is returned- that fair is no longer foul. The wayward sisters and the death of Macbeth illustrates the need to follow good rather than choose the path to evil.The audience has seen the effects of Macbeth’s tortured soul- the death of his beloved wife and even his own- emphasizing the need to rid a guilty conscience. Was the ambiguity of the witches’ prophecies necessary to the development of the play’s plot and key themes? Hecate, Graymalkin and Paddock foretell the uprising of Macbeth and inform him of his future and what he must do in order to pursue his destiny as king. The Three Witches never tell Macbeth to kill King Duncan, they merely imply that Kind Duncan must die for Macbeth to become king.Th e witches set a path for him that only he may choose to follow should he wish. Through temptation of sure success he kills King Duncan and follows the path to destruction. Macbeth is not psychologically capable of living with the guilt of murder, however the Three Witches prophecies have given Macbeth the assurance that he will succeed- blanketing his guilt and giving him the confidence he needs to commit the crime. Had the witches kept their prophecies to themselves, Macbeth would not have enough confidence, or encouragement from Lady Macbeth, to kill King Duncan.However there would be a lack of supernatural and excitement in the play. Macbeth is unique because of its treacherous witches, unreal fascinations of King Duncan’s and Banquo’s ghosts and Lady Macbeth’s ‘blood’ on her hand- individualising this play to numerous regicide stories. Word Count- 711 Bibliography Stewart, M. Ancestry. com –The Three Witches. Published 1998 by Zimmerman. Accessed 14/11/11 At: http://homepages. rootsweb. ancestry. com/~maggieoh/Macbeth/witches. htm PotW Org. Poem of the Week- Macbeth. Unknown publisher or author. Accessed 17/11/11 At: http://www. potw. org/archive/potw283. html

Quitting is not an option Essay

Quitting Is Not An Option As a little girl I always dreamt of becoming my own boss at a young age. The thought of following other people rules bothered me; I did know that in order to get where I wanted to be in life I had to start somewhere. So I told myself that after high school I had to go to college, and work and save. I decide to pursue my degree’s in Business Management and Accounting, because, I enjoy using money, working with others, helping people solve their money issues and helping them getting back on the right the track, as well as making people happy. I see it as if I have the knowledge and the education of what I’m doing, I don’t have to worry about anyone using me or stealing from me; I’ll be able to take care of my own finances. Having a B.A. in Business Management will impact my life in a positive way, by giving me a hands up in my dreams of becoming my own boss at an young age, as well as living my life comfortably. Due to my dreams in life, and where I want to be I chose not to give up even when things are stressful at times. Giving up on my educational goals is not an option because, I know that if I don’t have a degree, my life will not go anywhere, and I will just work at dead-end jobs. Not only do I want to want to go college and get a B.A. but I want to get excellent grades, and become an honor student. I’m committed to sticking with my degree and working with Monroe College to help me succeed and graduate. Having a lot of money, and time invested in my success, I can’t allow quitting to be an option. Looking forward to having a great experience and continue to grow in my career while attending Monroe College. Having great support from my professors, when struggling with an assignment, I feel I should be able to email or talk on the phone with them without feeling embarrassed. If i found out that my future self was trying to quit due to an stressful situation, I will let her know that life gets hard but giving up makes it even harder, and if you give up you will be stuck living life struggling, and living pay check to pay check with no relief to the stress. Living and learning is part of life, but quitting won’t allow you to learn or live the  life that you want for yourself and your future family.

Introduction to the Concept of Holistic Marketing Essay

The shortest definition of Marketing Management is â€Å"Meeting Needs Profitably†. Whose Needs ? – The needs of the people, or the customers or consumers, Who is trying to meet ? – The Producer, Marketer or the Company, What is the Objective ? – With profit to the company, & satisfaction to the customers. What Is Marketed Marketing people are involved in marketing the following 10 types of entities – Goods – Physical products, consumer products, consumer durables Services – Transport, repair & maintenance, legal, financial, consultancy, hotel, specialised skills Events – Trade shows, sports, world cups, vintage car rally, fashion shows, artistic performance Experiences – Theatres, opera, Disney-world, trekking, ocean cruise, cinema, music concerts Persons – Celebrity marketing, film stars, politicians, artists, performers, advertisers Places – Cities, states, countries for tourism, leisure & place for industrialisation & business Properties – Ownership of tangible properties like real estate, house, apartment, farm house, precious metals and intangible properties like financial portfolio of various securities Organisations – Building up identity, image, reputation, and value in the minds of consumers Information – It can be produced , packaged & marketed as a product – text books, encyclopaedias, magazines & journals on literature, science, technology, medicine info, available thru internet Ideas – The concept regarding a utility, business opportunity, advertising / marketing ideas, scientific & technical, social, financial, psychological etc. Marketing Concepts The Marketing concepts under which organisations have conducted marketing activities include : Exchange Concept – Exchange of goods and services between two agencies called buyer and seller, or exchange of goods and services for money or barter system. Production Concept – Widely available and inexpensive, high production efficiency Product Concept – Quality, performance, utility, innovative features etc. Selling Concept – Aggressive selling and promotion effort. â€Å"The purpose of marketing is to sell more stuff to more people more often for more money in order to make more profit†. Marketing Concept – â€Å"Products/Production† oriented concept ( make & sell ) has changed to â€Å"Consumer† oriented concept ( sense & respond ). Instead of â€Å"hunting† marketing is gardening†. The job is not to find the right customer for the products, but the right products for the customers. The perceptive contrast between the selling and marketing concepts – selling focuses on the needs of the seller, marketing on the needs of the buyer. Holistic Marketing Concept – Marketers in the current age are increasingly recognising the need to have a more complete & cohesive approach that goes beyond traditional application of marketing concepts. This concept is based on the development, design and implementation of marketing programs, processes and activities that recognise their breadth and inter-dependencies. Holistic Marketing recognises that â€Å"everything matters† with marketing – and that a broad integrated perspective is often necessary. The important components are : Integrated Marketing, Internal Marketing, Relationship Marketing, Social Responsibility Marketing. We shall discus each one of these in the following. Trends In Marketing Practices The marketplace is not the same as it used to be. It is rapidly changing as a result of major, sometimes interlinking societal forces that have created new behaviours, new opportunities & new challenges, such as : Globalisation, Deregulation, Privatisation, Technological Advances, The Internet Revolution, Customer Empowerment, Customisation, Market Fragmentation, Hightened Competition, Retail Transformation, etc. In response to this rapidly changing environments companies have restructured their business & marketing practices in some of the following ways : Reengineering : Appointing teams to manage customer-value-building processes & break down walls between departments. Outsourcing : Greater willingness to buy more goods & services from outside domestic or foreign vendors. Benchmarking : Studying â€Å"best practice companies† to improve performance. Supplier Partnering : Increased partnering with fewer but better value-adding suppliers. Customer Partnering : Working more closely with customers to add value to their operation. Merging : Acquiring or merging with firms in the same or complementary industries to gain economy of scale & scope. Globalising : Increased effort to â€Å"Think Global & Act Local†. Flattening : Reducing the number of organisational levels to get closer to the customers. Focusing : Determining the most profitable business & customers & focusing on them. Accelerating :Designing the organisation & setting up processes to respond more quickly to changes in the environment. Empowering : Encouraging & empowering personnel to produce more ideas & take more initiative. Accordingly the role of marketing organisation is also changing. Traditionally, the marketers have played the role of middlemen between the customers & the various functional areas of the organisation. In a networked enterprise, every functional area can interact directly with customers. Thus marketing needs to integrate all the customer-facing processes so that customers a single face (Integrated Marketing) & hear a single voice (Integrated Marketing Communications) when they interact with the company. Integrated Marketing One of the major tasks of marketers is to â€Å"integrate† all the marketing activities & programmes like â€Å"creating†, â€Å"communicating† & â€Å"delivering† value to the customers. The Famous Marketing Mix – the Four Ps, as devised by McCarthy constitute the traditional marketing activities in four broad groups as given below in details : Products – Design, Features, Brand Name, Models, Style, Appearance, Quality, Warranty, Package (design, type, material, size, appearance & labelling), Service ( pre-sale, after sale, service standards, service charges), Returns. Price – Pricing Policies, List Price, Margins, Discounts, Rebates, Terms of Delivery, Payment Terms, Credit Terms, Instalment Purchase Facility, Resale Price, Maintenance prices. Place – Channels of Distribution ( channel design, types of intermediaries, location of outlets, channel remuneration, dealer-principle relation, etc.), Physical Distribution (transportation, warehousing, inventory levels, order processing, etc.) Promotion – Personal Selling, Selling Expertise, Size of Sales Force, Quality of Sales Force, and Marketing Communications – Advertising (media-mix, media vehicles, and programmes), sales promotions, publicity & public relations, direct & interactive marketing). Now, these traditional concepts of Four Ps represent the sellers’ view of the marketing tools available to influence buyers. In holistic marketing one has to see also the buyers’ point of view, where each of these tools will deliver the customers’ benefit or value. Robert Lauterborn suggested the buyers’ Four Cs as follows : Product = Customer Solution, Price = Customer Cost, Place = Convenience, Promotion = Communication Thus the successful companies are those who can meet (1) customer needs (2) economically, (3) conveniently & (4) with effective communication. Two broad concepts of integrated marketing are as follows : Several different marketing activities are used to create, communicate & deliver customer value, All marketing activities coordinated to maximise their joint efforts. Or in other words, the design & implementation of one activity is done with all other activities in mind. The business of running a successful organisation is to integrate the system for management of demand, resources & network. Integrated marketing communication is a case in point. Internal Marketing Internal marketing ensures that everyone in the organisation adopts appropriate marketing principles and the top management should see it happen. This is the management task of hiring, training & motivating the employees to serve the customers well. Smart & successful companies understand that there is as much activity outside the company as inside. For it makes no sense to promise excellent services before the company’s service staff is ready to provide. Internal marketing must happen in two levels as follows : At the first level, all the marketing functions like, sales force, market research, customer service, product management, advertising, etc. must go together, i.e., all the personnel should work in tandem or unison for common goal. At the second level, â€Å"marketing† must be embraced by other departments for a common goal of the organisation. All the relevant functional departments like Finance, HR, Operations, Logistics, Systems, etc. must coordinate each other to have a marketing orientation. Only trying to meet individual department’s target & norms and not supporting the marketing objectives will take the company nowhere. One has to bear in mind that it’s marketing that earns revenue. Internal marketing requires that everyone in the organisation buy into the concepts & goals of marketing, and engage themselves in selecting, creating, communicating & delivering customer value. Only when all the employees realise that their jobs are to create, serve & satisfy the customers does the company become an effective marketer. Relationship Marketing The development of deep, enduring relationships with all the people or firms involved directly or indirectly in the firm’s marketing activities is appearing as a key goal; of marketing. This is the concept of Relationship marketing – it aims at building mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key parties like customers, financiers, suppliers, distributors & of course the stakeholders, in order to earn & retain their business. It also builds strong economic, technical & social binding amongst the parties. There are four key constituents of marketing are : Customers Employees Marketing Partners : Channels, Suppliers, Distributors, Dealers, Retailers, Agencies, etc. Financial Community : Shareholders, Stakeholders, Financiers, Investors, Analysts, etc. Another key constituent is the Society : well-wishers, scientists, professors, environmentalists. The ultimate goal of relationship marketing is the building of a unique company asset called a marketing network, which consists of the company & its supporting stakeholders as listed above with whom it has built manual profit relationships. Interestingly, today, the competition is not between companies as such, but between the carefully built marketing networks – whoever has a better network wins. So the principle is simple – build an effective network, & the profits will follow. But the practice is not so. The development & building of a strong relationship requires a deep understanding of the capabilities & resources of different groups as well as their needs, goals & desires. Relationship marketing involves the right kind of relationships with right constituent groups, like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) with customers, Partner Relationship Management (PRM) with other partners. Since these being separate subjects themselves, are beyond the scope of this article. Social Responsibility Marketing Holistic marketing incorporates social responsibility marketing. This involves broader concerns of the society at large, like social, legal, ethical & environmental in the context of marketing activities. Companies operate in a society, and so do their customers and hence they should never forget its contribution to the company. It requires that marketers carefully consider the role they are playing in terms of social welfare. Companies need to evaluate whether they are truly practicing ethical & socially responsible marketing. Several factors are driving the companies to practice higher level of corporate social responsibility, such as : Rising customer expectations, Changing employees expectations, Govt. Legislation & pressure, Investor interest in social criteria, Changing business procurement criteria. Business success and continually satisfying the customers & other stakeholders are closely linked to adoption & implementation of high standard of business & marketing conduct. The most admired companies in the world adhere to a code of serving people’s interests, not only there own. The following are the most important factors of socially responsible marketing : Legal Behaviour : Companies operate within the law of the land, and they must impart the employees with adequate knowledge of law & how to practice them. We have Govt. laws, Society laws, and the organisations must ensure the employees know & observe relevant law, and restrain themselves from practicing illegal, antisocial, corruptive, anticompetitive practices. Ethical Behaviour : Companies must evolve & adopt a properly written code of conduct based on the social & cultural ethics, decency, tradition & legal practices, and ensure that all concerned are responsible in observing these guidelines. Today customers are well aware of the social, cultural, ecological & environmental affairs in their day-to-day lives. Social Responsibility Behaviour : As said above, the customers also want to know what the firm’s contribution to the society is, or what the company’s social conscience is while dealing with customers & the stakeholders. Cause Related Marketing : Contribution to the society can be enormous, and hence companies choose a particular area of society for a particular cause. The examples are : Health awareness – Heart Diseases, AIDS, Cancer, Diabetic, Obesity, Old age, etc. Running children’s home, old age home, rehabilitation centre, women’s home, etc. Infrastructure – rural housing, hospitals, preserving archaeological places, maintaining roads & parks, homes for endangered species; Educational scholarship for the poor & needy, higher education facility, Institutes; Treatment for destitute, food for the starving; Information legal & technical help during the hour of need; Volunteerism & Philanthropy. The list can be endless. Reputed companies even have their own charitable trusts, and also have special cause related marketing plans. Cause-related marketing is the concept where the specific cause is directly or indirectly linked to the particular revenue transaction. The company has at least one non-economic social objective and uses the revenue generated from the designated sales. This concept is also known as Corporate Societal Marketing (CSM). The CSM can include other activities like traditional & strategic philanthropy & volunteerism. Social Marketing : Some marketing is conducted to directly address a social problem or cause. Social marketing is done mainly by NGOs, Non-Profit or Govt. organisations to further a cause, such as â€Å"No smoking†, â€Å"Say NO to Drugs†, etc. The Holistic Marketing Matrix Integrated Marketing – Products & Services, Communications, Channels Internal Marketing – Top Management, Marketing Department, Other Department Relatioship Marketing – Customers, Partners, Channels Social Responsibitity Marketing – Community, Legal, Ethics, Environment The Future of Marketing   The top management is slowly recognising that the marketing in the older method is getting wasteful and is demanding more accountability. There are a number of imperatives (must do) to achieve marketing excellence, as presented below : Marketers must – be â€Å"Holistic† and not in bits & parts, i.e., not sectional or departmental. achieve larger influence in the company if they are to be the main architect of business strategies. continuously create new ideas if the company is to prosper in a hyper-competitive economy. strive for customer insight & treat customers differently, but appropriately. build their brands thru performance, more than thru promotion. go electronic & win thru building superior information & communication systems. In these ways, modern marketing will continue to evolve & confront new challenges & opportunities. As a result, the coming years will see the demise of – – – & the rise of : The Demise of The Rise of The marketing department Holistic marketing Free-spending marketing ROI (return on investment) marketing Marketing intuition Marketing science Manual marketing Automated marketing Mass marketing Precision marketing To become truly holistic in marketing & achieve these changes, what the marketers need are a new set of skills, competencies in the following areas of expertise. Customer Relationship management Partner Relationship management Database Marketing & Data-mining Contact Centre Marketing & Telemarketing Public Relation Marketing including Event & Sponsorship Marketing Brand-building & Brand-asset Management Integrated Marketing Communications Profitability Analysis by Segment, Customer, Channel Experiential Marketing Conclusion The Nineteenth century American author Ralph Waldo Emerson had said, â€Å"This time like all times is a good one, if we but know what to do with it†. Thus, the exciting time for marketing has arrived now. And also, in the relentless pursuit of marketing superiority & dominance, new concepts, rules, tools & practices are ever emerging. There are a number of benefits of successful twenty-first-century marketing. All we need are hard work, insight, right application of mind & tools, inspiration, perseverance & of course a willingness to achieve greater heights.

Contingency Planning Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contingency Planning Outline - Essay Example The next step is to outline the components of the plan; risk areas (McIntosh, 2007). In response to this, this paper will identify all the possible responses to the risks involved. These responses would also consider external and internal issues associated with them. It will also look at the human and financial resources needed and the problems with obtaining them. This paper will identify the issues that would hinder the accommodation of one or both of the conventions at the same time. The aim is to have both conventions but possibly at a different time. If, however, this is not possible, the aim would change to accommodate only one convention without losing the other customer for future conventions. External issues are all those problems that have nothing to do with the resort itself, but with everything else outside of it. These are all the peripheral issues that could hinder the resort in accommodating both the conventions on the same day. Internal issues, on the other hand, are problem areas within the resort. These are issues that would get in the way of the accommodation of both or one of the major conventions and so will need to be considered. Contingency planning means to plan for risks so that it can be known how to deal with them beforehand, in case they occur. It is important because it allows people to see the various ways in which a risk can be dealt with. Each response would consider external and internal issues and the human and financial resources required. Possible responses or a contingency plan for the risks identified include: Reschedule other insignificant, smaller appointments that are taking up extra and more than necessary meeting space. The external issues to consider would be the significance and profitability of the smaller party involved. If this insignificant appointment can lose an important, valuable customer for the resort, this option will

Individual theories of delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual theories of delinquency - Essay Example The choice theories have their basis on criminology classical school. The main emphasize here is on one’s potential to come up with certain choices. According to these theories, delinquency and various antisocial behaviour results from different traits and processes that are biological such as the dysfunction of the brain and several others. The psychological theories just like the choice theories mainly traces the delinquency causes on different factors in an individual. However, the key focus is mainly on the individual’s intelligence, temperament and juvenile personality. According to Siegel and Welsh (2010), the first explanation of crime was that individuals make various choices with regard to their behaviour. The assumption was that every individual has the free will in choosing behaviour and that those who opt to violate the law were driven mainly by their own greed, survival, vengeance or even morals. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham who were utilitarian philosophers argued that in most cases individuals consider their action’s consequences before making any move on behaviour course. The scholars’writings formed the ancient classical criminology basis. Currently it is known as the rational choice theory. Choice theory assumption is that individual’s behaviour is a consequence that is directly linked to one’s conscious decisions either to be involved or not in a specific behaviour. According to the criminology classical school, the juveniles are people who are rational and intelligent with great potential to come up with different choices. Hence, this theory insists that before any action, young individuals calculate their behaviours costs and benefits. This theory further adds that crime is the outcome of supposing that greater gains will result from disobeying the law rather than following it. In most

Answer week 10 m9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer week 10 m9 - Essay Example Our workplace environment operates in a very strict ethical environment. Any employee who attempts to violate the set norms attracts immediate dismissal or sanction. I admit that the CAL project has equipped me with variety of skills on how to resolve the workplace-based problem. Through the project, I have understood the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an inevitable component in the contemporary organizations. It encompasses creation of a favorable workplace environment to both the outsiders and the insiders. Having worked for nine months in a research firm, I have notice that one of the main causes of work-based problem is the lack of honesty, honesty, accountability, integrity, and legitimacy (Badaracco, 1992). From the CAL project, I have learnt that CSR provides framework through which such organizational problems can be identified, managed and controlled. One of the challenges facing most of the human resource managers concerns the incorporation of CSR requirements. Most managers find it hard to integrate some of the CSR because of the aspect of cultural differences. Personally, I have been trying my best to incorporate most of the general reflection on learning outcomes in the firm I work in. However, I normally face the problem related to cultural diversity. Badaracco, J.L., 1992, Business ethics: Four spheres of executive responsibility, California Management Review, 34(3), pp. 64-79. Available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/detail?sid=c2ac9049-a9b7-49b0-9698- 74f9a857ae32%40sessionmgr104ssss&vid=1&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3Qtb

Investigation of variables for monitoring muscle fatigue in EMG Essay

Investigation of variables for monitoring muscle fatigue in EMG recordings - Essay Example Here the assessments are based on the analysis of signals produced during the activity of the muscle; contraction or relaxation. There are many algorithms used available for estimating the amplitude, frequency variables and conduction velocity of the surface EMG signal detected during voluntary contractions. Here the most widely accepted algorithms are studied and its advantages and drawbacks are outlined. Here the focus is made on the frequency analysis of surface EMG signal. The results obtained during the frequency analysis of surface EMG signifies the behavior of test signals based on mean and median frequency variables acquired using PSD estimation methods, namely Autoregressive and Periodogram. Here an electromyograph is record the signals generated during the electrical or neurological excitation of the muscle cells and these recorded signals are then subjected to spectral analysis. The frequency responses of the signals are considered assessments are made accordingly. â€Å" Surface EMG signals are decomposed into 32-subbands by using a cosine modulated filter bank. Both the instantaneous mean frequency (IMF) and the instantaneous amplitude (IA) are estimated from the sub bands and are used as indicators of muscle fatigue† (McGoron, et al, 2009, P. 267). Table of Contents 1. Introduction 7 1.1. Power spectral density (PSD) 7 1.2. Spectrum estimation techniques 8 1.2.1. Fast Fourier transforms 9 1.2.2. Blackman turkey approach 10 1.2.3. Autoregressive method 11 1.2.4. Auto regressive moving average model 12 1.3 EMG 13 1.4. Application of PSD in EMG 13 2. Literature on Application 14 3. Discussion 17 3.1 deterministic function 18 3.2. Stochastic function 18 3.3 induction of autoregressive approach 19 4. Results 31 4.1. Deterministic 31 4.1.1. Test signal 1 31 4.1.2 Test signal 2 37 4.2. Stochastic 46 4.2.1. Test signal 4 46 4.2.2 Test signal 5 53 4.2.3 Test signal 6 57 5. Advantages of EMG and PSD 63 5. Conclusion 64 1. Introduction: At the present era medical literature considers human muscle fatigue as a physical phenomenon that starts during the onset of a muscle contraction and develops progressively until the muscle cannot generate force, the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) reduces during muscle fatigue. Here spectral analysis is used to examine the nature of signals recorded in the electromyograph due the electrical activity of the muscle fibers. 1.1 power spectral density (PSD): Power spectral density (PSD) is the frequency response of a random or periodic signal and indicates where power is distributed as a function of frequency. PSD is deterministic and for certain types of random signals independent of time. It shows the strength and weakness of the signals at different frequency levels. The frequency level of the signal is drawn against time to get the spectra. Waveform can be represented by a plot of amplitude versus frequency together with a plot of phase versus frequency, respectively known as the amplitude a nd phase spectra. Amplitude and phase